(************** Content-type: application/mathematica ************** Mathematica-Compatible Notebook This notebook can be used with any Mathematica-compatible application, such as Mathematica, MathReader or Publicon. The data for the notebook starts with the line containing stars above. To get the notebook into a Mathematica-compatible application, do one of the following: * Save the data starting with the line of stars above into a file with a name ending in .nb, then open the file inside the application; * Copy the data starting with the line of stars above to the clipboard, then use the Paste menu command inside the application. Data for notebooks contains only printable 7-bit ASCII and can be sent directly in email or through ftp in text mode. Newlines can be CR, LF or CRLF (Unix, Macintosh or MS-DOS style). NOTE: If you modify the data for this notebook not in a Mathematica- compatible application, you must delete the line below containing the word CacheID, otherwise Mathematica-compatible applications may try to use invalid cache data. For more information on notebooks and Mathematica-compatible applications, contact Wolfram Research: web: http://www.wolfram.com email: info@wolfram.com phone: +1-217-398-0700 (U.S.) Notebook reader applications are available free of charge from Wolfram Research. *******************************************************************) (*CacheID: 232*) (*NotebookFileLineBreakTest NotebookFileLineBreakTest*) (*NotebookOptionsPosition[ 1892699, 48745]*) (*NotebookOutlinePosition[ 1926186, 49882]*) (* CellTagsIndexPosition[ 1924930, 49851]*) (*WindowFrame->Normal*) Notebook[{ Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Variational Schemes for Bounded Domains", "Chapter", CounterAssignments->{{"Chapter", 5}}, CellTags->"CHA variational"], Cell[TextData[{ "To evaluate a particular cell, simply hit \"Shift+Enter\" with the cursor \ positioned in that cell. If ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], " asks to evaluate initialization cell, click \"Yes\". See the ", StyleBox["Mathematica ", FontSlant->"Italic"], "Help browser or wolfram.com for more information on using ", StyleBox["Mathematica", FontSlant->"Italic"], "." }], "Text"], Cell["\<\ This notebook and those for the other seven chapters use a common stylesheet \ that has been imported into the notebook. This style sheet supports \ chapters, section, subsections, numbered equations, numbered figures and \ citations. A separate copy of the stylesheet can be download from the same \ page where this notebook was downloaded. \ \>", "Text"], Cell[TextData[{ StyleBox["COPYRIGHT ISSUES:", FontWeight->"Bold"], " The authors reserve all copyrights associated with this work. Any of \ the material appearing in these notebooks (such as the polyhedral meshes in \ chapter 7) can be used and modified without restriction as long as the use is \ non\[Hyphen]commercial. We simply ask that you acknowledge the authors when \ using material from these notebooks. For those readers interested in \ commercial use of the material in these notebooks, please contact \ jwarren@cs.rice.edu." }], "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Helper functions from previous chapters", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(plotCoeff[p_, opts___] := Show[Graphics[{Line[p], PointSize[0.02], RGBColor[1, 0, 0], Map[Point, p]}], Join[{opts}, {Axes \[Rule] True, Ticks \[Rule] {Automatic, Automatic}}]]\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell[BoxData[ \(makeCoeff[genFun_, {{minX_, maxX_}, {minY_, maxY_}}, k_, x_, y_] := With[{expFun = Expand[genFun]}, \n\t Table[With[{rowY = Table[Coefficient[expFun, y, j], {j, \(2\^k\) minY, \(2\^k\) maxY}]}, \n\t\t\t\tTable[ Coefficient[rowY, x, i], {i, \(2\^k\) minX, \(2\^k\) maxX}]]]]\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell[BoxData[ \(plotCoeff3D[p_, plotArgs___] := Show[Graphics3D[\[IndentingNewLine]Table[ Polygon[{p\[LeftDoubleBracket]i, j\[RightDoubleBracket], p\[LeftDoubleBracket]i + 1, j\[RightDoubleBracket], p\[LeftDoubleBracket]i + 1, j + 1\[RightDoubleBracket], p\[LeftDoubleBracket]i, j + 1\[RightDoubleBracket]}], {i, \(Dimensions[ p]\)\[LeftDoubleBracket]1\[RightDoubleBracket] - 1}, {j, \(Dimensions[ p]\)\[LeftDoubleBracket]2\[RightDoubleBracket] - 1}]], Join[{plotArgs}, {Axes \[Rule] True}]]\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Inner products for stationary subdivision schemes", "Section"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Exact derivatives", "Subsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Compute exact interpolation mask for uniform schemes", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Turn off warning messages from ", Cell[BoxData[ \(Solve\)]] }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(Off[Solve::svars];\)\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell[TextData[{ "Computation of left eigenvector of the form ", Cell[BoxData[ \(n\ S \[Equal] n\)]], " for uniform subdivision matrix ", Cell[BoxData[ \(S\)]], " with mask ", Cell[BoxData[ \(s[x]\)]], ". The entries of this vector defined the exact interpolation mask for a \ uniform subdivision scheme. Convert into equivalent generating function \ expression of the form ", Cell[BoxData[ \(n[x] s[x] \[Equal] n[x\^2] + x*r[x\^2]\)]], " where ", Cell[BoxData[ \(r[x]\)]], " is an arbitrary residual term. Normalize via ", Cell[BoxData[ \(n[1] \[Equal] 1\)]], ". " }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(evalMask[s_] := Module[{leng = Exponent[s, x], n, \[ScriptN], eqs}, \[IndentingNewLine]n = Function[x, Sum[\[ScriptN][i] x\^\(i - 1\), {i, leng - 1}]]; \[IndentingNewLine]eqs = CoefficientList[s*n[x] - \ x\ n[x\^2], {x}]; \[IndentingNewLine]n[ x] /. \(Solve[{eqs\[LeftDoubleBracket] Range[2, Length[eqs], 2]\[RightDoubleBracket] \[Equal] 0, n[1] \[Equal] 1}]\)\[LeftDoubleBracket]1\[RightDoubleBracket]]\)], "Input",\ InitializationCell->True, CellTags->"EQN compute interpolation mask"], Cell[BoxData[{ \(\(cubic = \(1\/8\) \((1 + x)\)\^4;\)\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(\(fourPt = \(-1\)\/16 + \(9\/16\) x\^2 + x\^3 + \(9\/16\) x\^4 - \(1\/16\) x\^6;\)\)}], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[{ \(evalMask[cubic]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(evalMask[fourPt]\)}], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/6 + \(2\ x\)\/3 + x\^2\/6\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(x\^2\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Compute exact derivative masks for uniform schemes", "Subsubsection"], Cell[BoxData[ \(derivMask[s_, k_] := Expand[\(\((1 - x)\)\^k\) evalMask[Simplify[\(\(2\^k\) s\)\/\((1 + x)\)\^k]]]\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell["Compute exact masks for cubic B\[Hyphen]splines", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[{ \(derivMask[cubic, 0]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(derivMask[cubic, 1]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(derivMask[cubic, 2]\)}], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/6 + \(2\ x\)\/3 + x\^2\/6\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/2 - x\^2\/2\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1 - 2\ x + x\^2\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["Compute exact derivative masks for four point rule", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[{ \(derivMask[fourPt, 0]\), "\[IndentingNewLine]", \(derivMask[fourPt, 1]\)}], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(x\^2\)], "Output"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(-\(1\/12\)\) + \(2\ x\)\/3 - \(2\ x\^3\)\/3 + x\^4\/12\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Exact inner products", "Subsection", CellTags->"exact inner prod"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Computing the inner product mask for uniform schemes", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "The function ", Cell[BoxData[ \(ipMask\)]], " takes two subdivision masks ", Cell[BoxData[ \(s[x]\)]], " and ", Cell[BoxData[ \(t[x]\)]], " and computes the inner product mask for the ", Cell[BoxData[ \(i\)]], "th and ", Cell[BoxData[ \(j\)]], "th derivatives of the associated scaling functions." }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(ipMask[s_, t_, {i_, j_}] := With[{rT = \((t /. {x \[Rule] 1\/x})\) x\^Exponent[t, x]}, \[IndentingNewLine]Expand[\(\((1 - x)\)\^i\) \(\((x - 1)\)\^j\) evalMask[ Simplify[\(1\/2\) \(\(\(2\^i\) s\)\/\((1 + x)\)\^i\) \(\(2\^j\) rT\)\/\((1 + \ x)\)\^j]]]]\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(ipMask[cubic, cubic, {0, 0}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/5040 + x\/42 + \(397\ x\^2\)\/1680 + \(151\ x\^3\)\/315 + \(397\ x\^4\)\/1680 \ + x\^5\/42 + x\^6\/5040\)], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Evaluation of inner products for uniform schemes", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(evalInner\)]], " takes a mask ", Cell[BoxData[ \(e\)]], " (as a list of coefficients) and two list of coefficients ", Cell[BoxData[ \(p\)]], " and ", Cell[BoxData[ \(q\)]], " and returns ", Cell[BoxData[ \(\(p\^T\) E\ q\)]], " where ", Cell[BoxData[ \(E\)]], " is the circulant matrix defined by mask ", Cell[BoxData[ \(e\)]] }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(evalInner[e_, p_, q_] := With[{ec = CoefficientList[e, x]}, \[IndentingNewLine]q . ListConvolve[ec, p, \(Length[ec] + 1\)\/2]]\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True] }, Closed]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Example: Exact enclosed area for parametric curves", "Subsection"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Exact enclosed area for the four\[Hyphen]point curves", "Subsubsection"], Cell[TextData[{ "Given a closed parametric curves ", Cell[BoxData[ \({\[ScriptP][\[ScriptX]], \[ScriptQ][\[ScriptX]]}\)]], ", the length of this curve correponds to the integral" }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(1\/2\), RowBox[{\(\[Integral]\_\[CapitalOmega]\), RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Det", "[", RowBox[{"(", GridBox[{ {\(\[ScriptP][\[ScriptX]]\), \(\(\[ScriptP]\^\[Prime]\)[\ \[ScriptX]]\)}, {\(\[ScriptQ][\[ScriptX]]\), \(\(\[ScriptQ]\^\[Prime]\)[\ \[ScriptX]]\)} }], ")"}], "]"}], \(\(\[DifferentialD]\[ScriptX]\)\(\ \)\(.\)\)}]}]}]], \ "Equation"], Cell[TextData[{ "For example, the area of circle of radius ", Cell[BoxData[ \(r\)]], " is" }], "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ \(circle[\[Theta]_] := r {Cos[\[Theta]], Sin[\[Theta]]}\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(area[\[ScriptP]_, {min_, max_}]\), ":=", RowBox[{\(1\/2\), RowBox[{\(\[Integral]\_min\%max\), RowBox[{ RowBox[{"Det", "[", RowBox[{"{", RowBox[{\(\[ScriptP][\[ScriptX]]\), ",", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[ScriptP]", "\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "\[ScriptX]", "]"}]}], "}"}], "]"}], \(\[DifferentialD]\[ScriptX]\)}]}]}]}]], "Input"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(area[circle, {0, 2 \[Pi]}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\[Pi]\ r\^2\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["Compute enclosed area mask for cubic B\[Hyphen]spline", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(cubicArea = ipMask[cubic, cubic, {0, 1}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\(-\(1\/720\)\) - \(7\ x\)\/90 - \(49\ x\^2\)\/144 + \(49\ x\^4\)\/144 \ + \(7\ x\^5\)\/90 + x\^6\/720\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Define exact unit square for four point scheme via five fold control points \ and compute its enclosed area\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(evalInner[ cubicArea, \[IndentingNewLine]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, \[IndentingNewLine]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Compute approximate area of unit circle, note that approximation leads to \ substantial error\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(evalInner[ cubicArea, \[IndentingNewLine]Table[Cos[\(2 \[Pi]\ i\)\/80], {i, 80}] // N, \[IndentingNewLine]Table[Sin[\(2 \[Pi]\ i\)\/80], {i, 80}] // N]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(3.135139317714538`\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["Compute enclosed area mask for four point rule", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(fourPtArea = ipMask[fourPt, fourPt, {0, 1}]\)], "Input", CellTags->"fourPtArea"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\/665280 + \(4\ x\)\/10395 - \(481\ x\^2\)\/73920 + \(731\ \ x\^3\)\/6930 - \(3659\ x\^4\)\/5280 + \(3659\ x\^6\)\/5280 - \(731\ \ x\^7\)\/6930 + \(481\ x\^8\)\/73920 - \(4\ x\^9\)\/10395 - x\^10\/665280\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Define exact unit square for four point scheme via five fold control points, \ check normalization\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(evalInner[ fourPtArea, \[IndentingNewLine]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0}, \[IndentingNewLine]{0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1}]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(1\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell["\<\ Note much better accuracy of approximation of interpolating scheme for circle\ \ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(ListPlot[ Table[{n, evalInner[ fourPtArea, \[IndentingNewLine]Table[ Cos[\(2 \[Pi]\ i\)\/n], {i, n}] // N, \[IndentingNewLine]Table[Sin[\(2 \[Pi]\ i\)\/n], {i, n}] // N]}, {n, 8, 20}], PlotJoined \[Rule] True, PlotRange \[Rule] All]\)], "Input", CellTags->"FIG circle area"], Cell[GraphicsData["PostScript", "\<\ %! %%Creator: Mathematica %%AspectRatio: .61803 MathPictureStart /Mabs { Mgmatrix idtransform Mtmatrix dtransform } bind def /Mabsadd { Mabs 3 -1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } bind def %% Graphics %%IncludeResource: font Courier %%IncludeFont: Courier /Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont % Scaling calculations -0.611111 0.0793651 -66.0749 21.2295 [ [.18254 .14853 -6 -9 ] [.18254 .14853 6 0 ] [.34127 .14853 -6 -9 ] [.34127 .14853 6 0 ] [.5 .14853 -6 -9 ] [.5 .14853 6 0 ] [.65873 .14853 -6 -9 ] [.65873 .14853 6 0 ] [.81746 .14853 -6 -9 ] [.81746 .14853 6 0 ] [.97619 .14853 -6 -9 ] [.97619 .14853 6 0 ] [.01131 .05489 -30 -4.5 ] [.01131 .05489 0 4.5 ] [.01131 .26718 -30 -4.5 ] [.01131 .26718 0 4.5 ] [.01131 .37333 -24 -4.5 ] [.01131 .37333 0 4.5 ] [.01131 .47948 -30 -4.5 ] [.01131 .47948 0 4.5 ] [.01131 .58562 -24 -4.5 ] [.01131 .58562 0 4.5 ] [ 0 0 0 0 ] [ 1 .61803 0 0 ] ] MathScale % Start of Graphics 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin newpath 0 g .25 Mabswid [ ] 0 setdash .18254 .16103 m .18254 .16728 L s [(10)] .18254 .14853 0 1 Mshowa .34127 .16103 m .34127 .16728 L s [(12)] .34127 .14853 0 1 Mshowa .5 .16103 m .5 .16728 L s [(14)] .5 .14853 0 1 Mshowa .65873 .16103 m .65873 .16728 L s [(16)] .65873 .14853 0 1 Mshowa .81746 .16103 m .81746 .16728 L s [(18)] .81746 .14853 0 1 Mshowa .97619 .16103 m .97619 .16728 L s [(20)] .97619 .14853 0 1 Mshowa .125 Mabswid .06349 .16103 m .06349 .16478 L s .10317 .16103 m .10317 .16478 L s .14286 .16103 m .14286 .16478 L s .22222 .16103 m .22222 .16478 L s .2619 .16103 m .2619 .16478 L s .30159 .16103 m .30159 .16478 L s .38095 .16103 m .38095 .16478 L s .42063 .16103 m .42063 .16478 L s .46032 .16103 m .46032 .16478 L s .53968 .16103 m .53968 .16478 L s .57937 .16103 m .57937 .16478 L s .61905 .16103 m .61905 .16478 L s .69841 .16103 m .69841 .16478 L s .7381 .16103 m .7381 .16478 L s .77778 .16103 m .77778 .16478 L s .85714 .16103 m .85714 .16478 L s .89683 .16103 m .89683 .16478 L s .93651 .16103 m .93651 .16478 L s .25 Mabswid 0 .16103 m 1 .16103 L s .02381 .05489 m .03006 .05489 L s [(3.115)] .01131 .05489 1 0 Mshowa .02381 .26718 m .03006 .26718 L s [(3.125)] .01131 .26718 1 0 Mshowa .02381 .37333 m .03006 .37333 L s [(3.13)] .01131 .37333 1 0 Mshowa .02381 .47948 m .03006 .47948 L s [(3.135)] .01131 .47948 1 0 Mshowa .02381 .58562 m .03006 .58562 L s [(3.14)] .01131 .58562 1 0 Mshowa .125 Mabswid .02381 .07612 m .02756 .07612 L s .02381 .09735 m .02756 .09735 L s .02381 .11858 m .02756 .11858 L s .02381 .1398 m .02756 .1398 L s .02381 .18226 m .02756 .18226 L s .02381 .20349 m .02756 .20349 L s .02381 .22472 m .02756 .22472 L s .02381 .24595 m .02756 .24595 L s .02381 .28841 m .02756 .28841 L s .02381 .30964 m .02756 .30964 L s .02381 .33087 m .02756 .33087 L s .02381 .3521 m .02756 .3521 L s .02381 .39456 m .02756 .39456 L s .02381 .41579 m .02756 .41579 L s .02381 .43702 m .02756 .43702 L s .02381 .45825 m .02756 .45825 L s .02381 .50071 m .02756 .50071 L s .02381 .52193 m .02756 .52193 L s .02381 .54316 m .02756 .54316 L s .02381 .56439 m .02756 .56439 L s .02381 .03366 m .02756 .03366 L s .02381 .01243 m .02756 .01243 L s .02381 .60685 m .02756 .60685 L s .25 Mabswid .02381 0 m .02381 .61803 L s .5 Mabswid .02381 .01472 m .10317 .23814 L .18254 .36747 L .2619 .44643 L .34127 .49678 L .42063 .5301 L .5 .55285 L .57937 .56881 L .65873 .58026 L .7381 .58865 L .81746 .59492 L .89683 .59967 L .97619 .60332 L s 0 0 m 1 0 L 1 .61803 L 0 .61803 L closepath clip newpath % End of Graphics MathPictureEnd \ \>"], "Graphics", ImageSize->{288, 177.938}, ImageMargins->{{43, 0}, {0, 0}}, ImageRegion->{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, ImageCache->GraphicsData["Bitmap", "\<\ CF5dJ6E]HGAYHf4PAg9QL6QYHg7oo0002Ool00`00Oomoo`0goo00<007ooOol0ogoo000YOol00`00Oomo o`0kOol00`00Oomoo`3nOol002Uoo`03001oogoo03aoo`03001oogoo0?eoo`00:Goo00<007ooOol0 ?Goo00<007ooOol0o7oo000YOol00`00Oomoo`0nOol00`00Oomoo`3kOol002Uoo`03001oogoo03mo o`03001oogoo0?Yoo`00:Goo00<007ooOol0@7oo00<007ooOol0nGoo000YOol20012Ool00`00Oomo o`3hOol002Uoo`03001oogoo049oo`03001oogoo0?Moo`00:Goo00<007ooOol0@goo00<007ooOol0 mWoo000YOol00`00Oomoo`14Ool00`00Oomoo`3eOol002Uoo`03001oogoo04Eoo`03001oogoo0?Ao o`00:Goo00<007ooOol0AWoo00<007ooOol0lgoo000YOol20018Ool00`00Oomoo`3bOol002Uoo`03 001oogoo04Qoo`03001oogoo0?5oo`00:Goo00<007ooOol0BGoo00<007ooOol0l7oo000YOol00`00 Oomoo`1:Ool00`00Oomoo`3_Ool002Uoo`03001oogoo04]oo`800>moo`00:Goo00<007ooOol0CGoo 00<007ooOol0k7oo000YOol00`00Oomoo`1>Ool2003/Ool002Uoo`80055oo`03001oogoo0>Uoo`00 :Goo00<007ooOol0DGoo0P00jGoo000YOol00`00Oomoo`1COol00`00Oomoo`3VOol002Uoo`03001o ogoo05Aoo`800>Ioo`000P001Woo0P001Goo1@000goo0`001Goo10001Woo00<007ooOol0EWoo00<0 07ooOol0hgoo0002Ool00`00Oomoo`03Ool20007Ool00`00Oomoo`02Ool01@00Oomoogoo00000goo 00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol00goo00<007ooOol0Egoo0P00hgoo0002Ool00`00Oomoo`05oo`/0051oo`002Woo00<007oo Ool037oo00<007ooOol00goo00@007ooOol000Ioo`03001oogoo0>aoo`d004=oo`001Woo00D007oo Oomoo`0000aoo`<000Ioo`03001oo`0000Ioo`03001oogoo0?Uooa<0031oo`001goo0`003goo00<0 07ooOol01Goo0P001Woo00<007ooOol0ogoo3Goo500077oo000YOol00`00Oomoo`3oOolQOol=000? Ool002Uoo`03001oogoo0?moobioo`L000Qoo`00:Goo0P00ogoo?Woo000YOol00`00Oomoo`3oOolm Ool002Uoo`03001oogoo0?mooceoo`00:Goo00<007ooOol0ogoo?Goo003oOomYOol00?moofUoo`00 ogooJGoo003oOomYOol00?moofUoo`00ogooJGoo003oOomYOol00?moofUoo`00ogooJGoo003oOomY Ool00001\ \>"], ImageRangeCache->{{{0, 359}, {221.375, 0}} -> {6.38937, 3.11093, 0.0484355, \ 0.000181073}}], Cell[BoxData[ TagBox[\(\[SkeletonIndicator] Graphics \[SkeletonIndicator]\), False, Editable->False]], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Closed]] }, Closed]] }, Open ]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Subdivision for natural cubic splines", "Section"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["A variational formulation of cubic splines", "Subsection", CellTags->"SUBSEC math model"], Cell["\<\ Definition of the variational energy functional for natural cubic splines.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{\(\[ScriptCapitalE][\[ScriptP]_, n_]\), ":=", RowBox[{ StyleBox[\(\[Integral]\_0\%n\), ScriptLevel->0], RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox[ RowBox[{ StyleBox["(", ScriptLevel->0], RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[ScriptP]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "\[ScriptX]", "]"}], ")"}], "2"], "\[ThinSpace]", \(\[DifferentialD]\[ScriptX]\)}]}]}]], \ "Input", InitializationCell->True, CellTags->"EQN natcub energy"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(\[ScriptCapitalE][Sin, 2 \[Pi]]\)], "Input"], Cell[BoxData[ \(\[Pi]\)], "Output"] }, Open ]], Cell[BoxData[ \(<< Calculus`VariationalMethods`\)], "Input", InitializationCell->True], Cell["\<\ Compute the Euler\[Hyphen]Lagrange equation for natural cubic splines. \ Observe that cubic polynomials satisfy these equations.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{"EulerEquations", "[", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox[ RowBox[{ StyleBox["(", ScriptLevel->0], RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[ScriptP]", "\[Prime]\[Prime]", MultilineFunction->None], "[", "\[ScriptX]", "]"}], ")"}], "2"], ",", \(\[ScriptP][\[ScriptX]]\), ",", "\[ScriptX]"}], "]"}]], "Input", CellTags->"EQN natcub pde"], Cell[BoxData[ RowBox[{ RowBox[{"2", " ", RowBox[{ SuperscriptBox["\[ScriptP]", TagBox[\((4)\), Derivative], MultilineFunction->None], "[", "\[ScriptX]", "]"}]}], "==", "0"}]], "Output"] }, Open ]] }, Closed]], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["A finite element scheme for natural cubic splines", "Subsection", CellTags->"SUBSEC natural cubic inner product"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell["Plots of finite element basis functions", "Subsubsection"], Cell["\<\ Use truncated quadratic B\[Hyphen]spline basis functions as finite element \ basis functions for variational functional above.\ \>", "Text"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[BoxData[ \(Module[{\[ScriptN]}, \[ScriptN][\[ScriptX]_] = 1\/2\ \((\(-\((2 + \[ScriptX])\)\^2\)\ UnitStep[\(-2\) - \[ScriptX]] \ + 3\ \((1 + \[ScriptX])\)\^2\ UnitStep[\(-1\) - \[ScriptX]] + UnitStep[1 - \[ScriptX]] - 2\ \[ScriptX]\ UnitStep[ 1 - \[ScriptX]] + \[ScriptX]\^2\ UnitStep[1 - \[ScriptX]] - 3\ \[ScriptX]\^2\ UnitStep[\(-\[ScriptX]\)])\); \n Show[GraphicsArray[\[IndentingNewLine]{Plot[{If[\[ScriptX] \ \[GreaterEqual] 0, \[ScriptN][\[ScriptX]], 0], If[\[ScriptX] \[GreaterEqual] 0, \[ScriptN][\[ScriptX] - 1], 0], \[ScriptN][\[ScriptX] - 2], \[ScriptN][\[ScriptX] - 3], \[ScriptN][\[ScriptX] - 4]}, {\[ScriptX], \(-1\), 5}, \[IndentingNewLine]PlotRange \[Rule] {0, 1}], \[IndentingNewLine]Plot[{If[\[ScriptX] \[GreaterEqual] 0, \[ScriptN][2 \[ScriptX]], 0], If[\[ScriptX] \[GreaterEqual] 0, \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 1], 0], \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 2], \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 3], \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 4], \[IndentingNewLine]\[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 5], \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 6], \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 7], \[ScriptN][ 2 \[ScriptX] - 8]}, {\[ScriptX], \(-1\), 5}, PlotRange \[Rule] {0, 1}]}]]]\)], "Input", CellTags->"FIG finite element plot"], Cell[CellGroupData[{ Cell[GraphicsData["PostScript", "\<\ %! %%Creator: Mathematica %%AspectRatio: .61803 MathPictureStart /Mabs { Mgmatrix idtransform Mtmatrix dtransform } bind def /Mabsadd { Mabs 3 -1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } bind def %% Graphics %%IncludeResource: font Courier %%IncludeFont: Courier /Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont % Scaling calculations 0.18254 0.15873 0 0.618034 [ [.02381 -0.0125 -6 -9 ] [.02381 -0.0125 6 0 ] [.34127 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.34127 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.5 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.5 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.65873 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.65873 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.81746 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.81746 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.97619 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.97619 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.17004 .12361 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .12361 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .24721 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .24721 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .37082 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .37082 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .49443 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .49443 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .61803 -6 -4.5 ] [.17004 .61803 0 4.5 ] [ 0 0 0 0 ] [ 1 .61803 0 0 ] ] MathScale % Start of Graphics 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin newpath 0 g .25 Mabswid [ ] 0 setdash .02381 0 m .02381 .00625 L s [(-1)] .02381 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .34127 0 m .34127 .00625 L s [(1)] .34127 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .5 0 m .5 .00625 L s [(2)] .5 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .65873 0 m .65873 .00625 L s [(3)] .65873 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .81746 0 m .81746 .00625 L s [(4)] .81746 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .97619 0 m .97619 .00625 L s [(5)] .97619 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .125 Mabswid .05556 0 m .05556 .00375 L s .0873 0 m .0873 .00375 L s .11905 0 m .11905 .00375 L s .15079 0 m .15079 .00375 L s .21429 0 m .21429 .00375 L s .24603 0 m .24603 .00375 L s .27778 0 m .27778 .00375 L s .30952 0 m .30952 .00375 L s .37302 0 m .37302 .00375 L s .40476 0 m .40476 .00375 L s .43651 0 m .43651 .00375 L s .46825 0 m .46825 .00375 L s .53175 0 m .53175 .00375 L s .56349 0 m .56349 .00375 L s .59524 0 m .59524 .00375 L s .62698 0 m .62698 .00375 L s .69048 0 m .69048 .00375 L s .72222 0 m .72222 .00375 L s .75397 0 m .75397 .00375 L s .78571 0 m .78571 .00375 L s .84921 0 m .84921 .00375 L s .88095 0 m .88095 .00375 L s .9127 0 m .9127 .00375 L s .94444 0 m .94444 .00375 L s .25 Mabswid 0 0 m 1 0 L s .18254 .12361 m .18879 .12361 L s [(0.2)] .17004 .12361 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .24721 m .18879 .24721 L s [(0.4)] .17004 .24721 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .37082 m .18879 .37082 L s [(0.6)] .17004 .37082 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .49443 m .18879 .49443 L s [(0.8)] .17004 .49443 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .61803 m .18879 .61803 L s [(1)] .17004 .61803 1 0 Mshowa .125 Mabswid .18254 .0309 m .18629 .0309 L s .18254 .0618 m .18629 .0618 L s .18254 .09271 m .18629 .09271 L s .18254 .15451 m .18629 .15451 L s .18254 .18541 m .18629 .18541 L s .18254 .21631 m .18629 .21631 L s .18254 .27812 m .18629 .27812 L s .18254 .30902 m .18629 .30902 L s .18254 .33992 m .18629 .33992 L s .18254 .40172 m .18629 .40172 L s .18254 .43262 m .18629 .43262 L s .18254 .46353 m .18629 .46353 L s .18254 .52533 m .18629 .52533 L s .18254 .55623 m .18629 .55623 L s .18254 .58713 m .18629 .58713 L s .25 Mabswid .18254 0 m .18254 .61803 L s 0 0 m 1 0 L 1 .61803 L 0 .61803 L closepath clip newpath .5 Mabswid .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .16408 0 L .17277 0 L .17735 0 L .17986 0 L .18109 0 L .18221 0 L .18341 .30565 L .1847 .30067 L .18744 .29023 L .19227 .2723 L .20178 .23864 L .22272 .17238 L .24331 .1177 L .26243 .07624 L .28091 .04468 L .29118 .03078 L .30062 .02027 L .3109 .01131 L .31631 .00764 L .32203 .00454 L .327 .0025 L .32939 .00173 L .33165 .00114 L .33292 .00085 L .33431 .00059 L .33546 .00041 L .33674 .00025 L .33811 .00012 L .33887 7e-005 L .33958 4e-005 L .34084 0 L .34155 0 L .3422 0 L .38182 0 L .41993 0 L .46049 0 L .49954 0 L .54104 0 L .58102 0 L .61949 0 L .6604 0 L .69981 0 L .73769 0 L .77803 0 L .81686 0 L .85813 0 L Mistroke .8979 0 L .93614 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .16408 0 L .17277 0 L .17735 0 L .17986 0 L .18109 0 L .18221 0 L .18341 .31238 L .1847 .3173 L .18744 .32751 L .19227 .34458 L .20178 .37485 L .21264 .40398 L .22272 .42586 L .23191 .44145 L .23661 .44783 L .2417 .45351 L .24462 .45619 L .2473 .45829 L .24981 .45994 L .25257 .46139 L .25377 .4619 L .25505 .46237 L .25616 .46272 L .25736 .46302 L .25807 .46316 L .25872 .46328 L .26001 .46344 L .26118 .46351 L .26243 .46352 L .26356 .46346 L .26481 .46332 L .26611 .46309 L .26731 .46281 L .26948 .46212 L .2718 .46113 L .27452 .45962 L .27709 .45787 L .2819 .45372 L .29067 .44323 L .30018 .4276 L .30964 .40763 L .32005 .38059 L .34109 .3097 L .38143 .17242 L .40001 .12262 L .42026 .07799 L Mistroke .43125 .05798 L .44143 .04207 L .4511 .02933 L .46154 .01815 L .46706 .01331 L .47213 .00953 L .47689 .00655 L .4821 .00393 L .48679 .00214 L .48903 .00148 L .49116 .00096 L .49232 .00072 L .49357 .00051 L .49462 .00035 L .49577 .00022 L .49702 .00011 L .49834 3e-005 L .49957 0 L .50072 0 L .5019 0 L .50316 0 L .50543 0 L .51057 0 L .52094 0 L .53946 0 L .58101 0 L .62104 0 L .65956 0 L .70053 0 L .73999 0 L .77793 0 L .81832 0 L .85719 0 L .89852 0 L .93834 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .02499 0 L .02605 0 L .02729 0 L s .02954 0 m .03053 0 L .03279 0 L .03756 0 L .03997 0 L s .04133 0 m .04262 0 L .04393 0 L .04516 0 L .04661 0 L .04793 0 L .04918 0 L .05037 0 L .05162 0 L .05232 0 L s .05411 0 m .05517 0 L .05758 0 L .06244 0 L .08278 0 L .08864 0 L .09418 0 L .09916 0 L .09987 0 L .10053 0 L .10122 0 L .10198 0 L .10323 0 L .10393 0 L s .10522 0 m .10586 0 L .10706 0 L .10815 0 L s .1106 0 m .11124 0 L s .11321 0 m .11438 0 L .11906 0 L .1235 0 L .126 0 L .12668 0 L .12741 0 L s .13001 0 m .13122 0 L .13231 0 L .13348 0 L .13478 0 L .13552 0 L .1362 0 L .13697 0 L .1377 0 L .13836 0 L .13907 0 L .14036 0 L s .14316 0 m .14349 0 L .1442 0 L .14914 0 L .15044 0 L .15117 0 L .15183 0 L s .15372 0 m .15432 0 L .15543 0 L .15645 0 L .15875 0 L .1611 0 L .16229 0 L s .16499 0 m .16567 0 L .16631 0 L .16879 0 L .17438 0 L .17926 0 L .18045 0 L .18173 0 L .18247 0 L .18314 0 L .18446 5e-005 L .18573 .00013 L .18694 .00024 L .18802 .00037 L .18919 .00054 L .19182 .00106 L .19425 .00168 L .19867 .00319 L .20336 .00532 L .21321 .01154 L .22405 .02113 L .24347 .04554 L .26436 .08211 L .28551 .13004 L .3056 .18575 L .34382 .31877 L .3548 .35722 L .36515 .38801 L .37522 .41293 L .38448 .43146 L .39363 .44564 L .39824 .45122 L .40329 .45615 L .40837 .45984 L .41122 .46135 L .41257 .46193 L .41381 .46238 L .41496 .46274 L .41623 .46305 L .4175 .46328 L .4182 .46338 L .41886 .46345 L .42006 .46352 L .42115 .46352 L .42236 .46345 L .42363 .46331 L .42487 .46309 L .42621 .46276 L .42864 .46195 L .431 .46089 L Mistroke .43319 .45966 L .43814 .45601 L .44339 .45083 L .45214 .43918 L .46176 .42204 L .48122 .37348 L .50212 .30082 L .52188 .22969 L .54342 .16309 L .5643 .10937 L .5832 .06998 L .60292 .0382 L .61374 .02482 L .62391 .01487 L .63371 .00768 L .63864 .00495 L .64405 .00264 L .64867 .00124 L .65126 .00068 L .65249 .00048 L .65362 .00032 L .65466 .0002 L .65582 .0001 L .65697 4e-005 L .6582 0 L .65928 0 L .66044 0 L .66254 0 L .70375 0 L .74345 0 L .78163 0 L .82226 0 L .86138 0 L .90295 0 L .943 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .12507 0 L .14415 0 L .1536 0 L .16254 0 L .16748 0 L .16883 0 L .17026 0 L .17149 0 L .17219 0 L .17284 0 L .17405 0 L .1752 0 L .17735 0 L .17967 0 L .18099 0 L .18221 0 L .18349 0 L .18414 0 L s .18414 0 m .1845 0 L s .18611 0 m 0 0 rlineto s .18776 0 m .188 0 L s .188 0 m .18822 0 L s .18951 0 m .18993 0 L .19064 0 L .1913 0 L .19278 0 L .20273 0 L .22134 0 L .2606 0 L .29835 0 L .31933 0 L .32851 0 L .32971 0 L .33101 0 L .33224 0 L .33337 0 L .33469 0 L .33536 0 L .33609 0 L .33856 0 L .33981 0 L .34099 0 L .34164 0 L .34235 1e-005 L .3436 7e-005 L .34479 .00015 L .34605 .00028 L .34724 .00044 L .34832 .00061 L .35057 .00106 L .353 .00169 L .3574 .00319 L .36244 .00549 L .36774 .0086 L .37725 .01587 L .38675 .02537 L .39692 .03799 L .41527 .06716 L .43655 .11134 L .45668 .16337 L .49506 .2901 L .51449 .36028 L .5248 .39049 L .5359 .41718 L .54649 .43702 L .55113 .44397 L .55619 .45035 L .56068 .45496 L .56547 .45879 L .56812 .46042 L .57052 .46161 L Mistroke .57168 .46208 L .57294 .46251 L .57411 .46285 L .57522 .4631 L .57645 .46332 L .57758 .46345 L .5788 .46352 L .57949 .46353 L .58012 .46351 L .58118 .46344 L .58234 .46331 L .58356 .46309 L .58471 .46283 L .58732 .46197 L .58972 .46089 L .59236 .45939 L .59513 .45743 L .60034 .45274 L .60518 .44717 L .61619 .43026 L .62669 .40858 L .63662 .38311 L .6552 .32245 L .69363 .18805 L .7131 .13359 L .73452 .08437 L .75485 .04807 L .77389 .02328 L .78428 .0135 L .7894 .00965 L .79415 .00666 L .7988 .00427 L .80302 .00256 L .80527 .00182 L .8077 .00117 L .81027 .00063 L .81153 .00043 L .81268 .00028 L .8139 .00016 L .81506 7e-005 L .81628 2e-005 L .81697 0 L .81761 0 L .81867 0 L .81983 0 L .8222 0 L .83264 0 L .85371 0 L .89393 0 L .93264 0 L Mistroke .9738 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .12507 0 L .14415 0 L .16254 0 L .16783 0 L .17284 0 L .17733 0 L .17856 0 L .17987 0 L .18098 0 L .18221 0 L .1835 0 L .18469 0 L .1874 0 L .19234 0 L .19683 0 L .19812 0 L .19934 0 L .20043 0 L .20162 0 L .20292 0 L .20414 0 L .20482 0 L .20547 0 L .20622 0 L .2069 0 L .20758 0 L .20829 0 L .20958 0 L .21249 0 L .21725 0 L .21855 0 L .21995 0 L .2206 0 L .22128 0 L s .22373 0 m .22438 0 L .22507 0 L .22633 0 L .2275 0 L .23204 0 L .24224 0 L .2606 0 L .26544 0 L .27004 0 L .27258 0 L .27327 0 L .27401 0 L .27471 0 L s .27654 0 m .27783 0 L s .27962 0 m .28018 0 L .28124 0 L .28238 0 L .28345 0 L .28443 0 L .28558 0 L .28682 0 L .288 0 L s .29021 0 m .29126 0 L .29365 0 L .29598 0 L .29729 0 L .29849 0 L .29977 0 L .30098 0 L .30325 0 L .30443 0 L .30568 0 L .30634 0 L s .3079 0 m .30832 0 L .30951 0 L .3106 0 L .31185 0 L s .31414 0 m .31515 0 L .31745 0 L .33817 0 L .3774 0 L .41512 0 L .43444 0 L .43974 0 L .44113 0 L .44191 0 L s .44329 0 m .44401 0 L .44531 0 L .44652 0 L .44779 0 L s .44948 0 m .45008 0 L .45137 0 L .4521 0 L .45277 0 L .45406 0 L .45529 0 L s .45529 0 m .45612 0 L s .45724 0 m .45788 0 L .46033 0 L .46147 0 L .46254 0 L .46366 0 L s .46366 0 m .46427 0 L s .46552 0 m .46621 0 L .46747 0 L .46869 0 L .46982 0 L .47511 0 L .48403 0 L .48854 0 L .48977 0 L .4911 0 L .49235 0 L .4935 0 L .49478 0 L .49599 0 L .49707 0 L .49825 0 L .49953 0 L .50018 0 L .50089 1e-005 L .50214 6e-005 L .50332 .00013 L .5045 .00025 L .50562 .00039 L .50772 .00073 L .50998 .00122 L .51244 .0019 L .51765 .00382 L .52319 .0066 L .53315 .01348 L .54347 .02318 L .55462 .03658 L .5748 .06863 L .59479 .11021 L .61588 .16469 L .65392 .29058 L .67512 .36625 L .69442 .41673 L .70402 .43505 L .70909 .44288 L .71445 .44981 L .71914 .45471 L .72163 .45687 L .7243 .45886 L .72675 .46037 L .729 .4615 L .73125 .46238 L .7334 .46298 L .73464 .46323 L .73534 .46334 L .73599 .46342 L Mistroke .73717 .4635 L .73842 .46352 L .73955 .46347 L .74059 .46337 L .74174 .4632 L .74298 .46294 L .74429 .46258 L .74572 .4621 L .74832 .46096 L .75319 .45793 L .75782 .45398 L .76274 .44862 L .77158 .43602 L .78094 .41849 L .79104 .39476 L .80932 .3391 L .85045 .19393 L .87096 .13581 L .89006 .09099 L .90847 .05624 L .92815 .0283 L .93839 .01753 L .94378 .01288 L .94949 .00874 L .95448 .00578 L .95997 .00323 L .96238 .00234 L .96497 .00155 L .9672 .00099 L .96964 .00053 L .97138 .00028 L .97223 .00019 L .973 .00012 L .9738 7e-005 L .97454 3e-005 L .97534 1e-005 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke % End of Graphics MathPictureEnd \ \>"], "Graphics", ImageSize->{288, 177.938}, ImageMargins->{{43, 0}, {0, 0}}, ImageRegion->{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, ImageCache->GraphicsData["Bitmap", "\<\ CF5dJ6E]HGAYHf4PAg9QL6QYHgOol2000SOol0 0`00Oomoo`0;Ool2000ROol2000bOol2000aOol00`00Oomoo`0POol004aoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03 001oogoo01eoo`03001oogoo011oo`03001oogoo01ioo`80011oo`8001ioo`8003=oo`03001oogoo 031oo`03001oogoo025oo`00C7oo00<007ooOol027oo00<007ooOol06goo00<007ooOol04Woo00<0 07ooOol06goo0P0057oo00<007ooOol06Woo00<007ooOol0Goo000aOol00`00Oomo o`02Ool00`00Oomoo`0;Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`0;Ool00`00Oomo o`0ROol00`00Oomoo`0;Ool00`00Oomoo`0SOol00`00Oomoo`0;Ool00`00Oomoo`0ROol00`00Oomo o`0`Ool00`00Oomoo`0iOol0035oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo00Aoo`03 001oogoo00moo`03001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo029oo`03001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo025oo`03 001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo021oo`03001oogoo031oo`03001oogoo03Yoo`00Woo001Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomo o`0POol00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`0OOol00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`0NOol00`00Oomo o`0`Ool00`00Oomoo`0kOol004aoo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo00moo`03001oogoo01ioo`03 001oogoo00moo`03001oogoo01ioo`03001oogoo011oo`03001oogoo01ioo`03001oogoo031oo`03 001oogoo03]oo`00C7oo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol047oo00<007ooOol07Woo00<007ooOol0 47oo00<007ooOol07Goo00<007ooOol04Goo00<007ooOol07Goo00<007ooOol0<7oo00<007ooOol0 >goo001Ool00`00Oomo o`0aOol00`00Oomoo`12Ool004aoo`8000Ioo`03001oogoo021oo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo 01moo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo021oo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo035oo`03001oogoo 049oo`00C7oo00<007ooOol01Goo00<007ooOol087oo00<007ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol07goo00<0 07ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol087oo00<007ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol0<7oo00<007ooOol0@goo001< Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0POol00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`0POol00`00Oomoo`0= Ool00`00Oomoo`0QOol00`00Oomoo`0Ool20006Ool01@00Oomoogoo0000:Woo00<007ooOol01Woo 00<007ooOol09goo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol0:7oo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol0<7oo 00<007ooOol0Agoo001"], ImageRangeCache->{{{0, 359}, {221.375, 0}} -> {-1.48676, -0.0763556, \ 0.0242811, 0.00623612}}], Cell[GraphicsData["PostScript", "\<\ %! %%Creator: Mathematica %%AspectRatio: .61803 MathPictureStart /Mabs { Mgmatrix idtransform Mtmatrix dtransform } bind def /Mabsadd { Mabs 3 -1 roll add 3 1 roll add exch } bind def %% Graphics %%IncludeResource: font Courier %%IncludeFont: Courier /Courier findfont 10 scalefont setfont % Scaling calculations 0.18254 0.15873 0 0.618034 [ [.02381 -0.0125 -6 -9 ] [.02381 -0.0125 6 0 ] [.34127 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.34127 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.5 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.5 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.65873 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.65873 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.81746 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.81746 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.97619 -0.0125 -3 -9 ] [.97619 -0.0125 3 0 ] [.17004 .12361 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .12361 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .24721 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .24721 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .37082 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .37082 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .49443 -18 -4.5 ] [.17004 .49443 0 4.5 ] [.17004 .61803 -6 -4.5 ] [.17004 .61803 0 4.5 ] [ 0 0 0 0 ] [ 1 .61803 0 0 ] ] MathScale % Start of Graphics 1 setlinecap 1 setlinejoin newpath 0 g .25 Mabswid [ ] 0 setdash .02381 0 m .02381 .00625 L s [(-1)] .02381 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .34127 0 m .34127 .00625 L s [(1)] .34127 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .5 0 m .5 .00625 L s [(2)] .5 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .65873 0 m .65873 .00625 L s [(3)] .65873 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .81746 0 m .81746 .00625 L s [(4)] .81746 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .97619 0 m .97619 .00625 L s [(5)] .97619 -0.0125 0 1 Mshowa .125 Mabswid .05556 0 m .05556 .00375 L s .0873 0 m .0873 .00375 L s .11905 0 m .11905 .00375 L s .15079 0 m .15079 .00375 L s .21429 0 m .21429 .00375 L s .24603 0 m .24603 .00375 L s .27778 0 m .27778 .00375 L s .30952 0 m .30952 .00375 L s .37302 0 m .37302 .00375 L s .40476 0 m .40476 .00375 L s .43651 0 m .43651 .00375 L s .46825 0 m .46825 .00375 L s .53175 0 m .53175 .00375 L s .56349 0 m .56349 .00375 L s .59524 0 m .59524 .00375 L s .62698 0 m .62698 .00375 L s .69048 0 m .69048 .00375 L s .72222 0 m .72222 .00375 L s .75397 0 m .75397 .00375 L s .78571 0 m .78571 .00375 L s .84921 0 m .84921 .00375 L s .88095 0 m .88095 .00375 L s .9127 0 m .9127 .00375 L s .94444 0 m .94444 .00375 L s .25 Mabswid 0 0 m 1 0 L s .18254 .12361 m .18879 .12361 L s [(0.2)] .17004 .12361 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .24721 m .18879 .24721 L s [(0.4)] .17004 .24721 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .37082 m .18879 .37082 L s [(0.6)] .17004 .37082 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .49443 m .18879 .49443 L s [(0.8)] .17004 .49443 1 0 Mshowa .18254 .61803 m .18879 .61803 L s [(1)] .17004 .61803 1 0 Mshowa .125 Mabswid .18254 .0309 m .18629 .0309 L s .18254 .0618 m .18629 .0618 L s .18254 .09271 m .18629 .09271 L s .18254 .15451 m .18629 .15451 L s .18254 .18541 m .18629 .18541 L s .18254 .21631 m .18629 .21631 L s .18254 .27812 m .18629 .27812 L s .18254 .30902 m .18629 .30902 L s .18254 .33992 m .18629 .33992 L s .18254 .40172 m .18629 .40172 L s .18254 .43262 m .18629 .43262 L s .18254 .46353 m .18629 .46353 L s .18254 .52533 m .18629 .52533 L s .18254 .55623 m .18629 .55623 L s .18254 .58713 m .18629 .58713 L s .25 Mabswid .18254 0 m .18254 .61803 L s 0 0 m 1 0 L 1 .61803 L 0 .61803 L closepath clip newpath .5 Mabswid .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .16408 0 L .17277 0 L .17735 0 L .17986 0 L .18109 0 L .18221 0 L .18341 .3023 L .1847 .29244 L .18744 .27204 L .19227 .2379 L .20178 .17735 L .21264 .11908 L .22272 .07534 L .23191 .04415 L .23661 .03139 L .2417 .02002 L .24462 .01466 L .2473 .01047 L .24981 .00717 L .25257 .00427 L .25377 .00325 L .25505 .00231 L .25616 .00162 L .25736 .00101 L .25807 .00072 L .25872 .0005 L .26001 .00018 L .26118 3e-005 L .26243 0 L .26356 0 L .26481 0 L .26731 0 L .2718 0 L .2819 0 L .30018 0 L .34074 0 L .37978 0 L .42128 0 L .46126 0 L .49973 0 L .54065 0 L .58005 0 L .61794 0 L .65828 0 L .6971 0 L .73838 0 L Mistroke .77814 0 L .81638 0 L .85708 0 L .89626 0 L .9379 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .16408 0 L .17277 0 L .17735 0 L .17986 0 L .18109 0 L .18221 0 L .18341 .3157 L .1847 .32536 L .18744 .34482 L .19227 .37549 L .20178 .42252 L .20691 .44053 L .20982 .44843 L .21251 .45428 L .2151 .45855 L .21633 .46012 L .21745 .46129 L .21875 .46235 L .21944 .46277 L .22016 .46311 L .22138 .46346 L .22207 .46352 L .22272 .4635 L .22398 .46322 L .22461 .46296 L .22532 .46259 L .22656 .46168 L .22772 .46056 L .23034 .45705 L .23317 .45177 L .23833 .43806 L .24307 .42088 L .25211 .37589 L .26163 .31119 L .28159 .17472 L .29973 .08464 L .30982 .04852 L .31934 .02358 L .32457 .01367 L .3294 .00692 L .33192 .00429 L .33469 .00212 L .33609 .00132 L .33686 .00096 L .33759 .00067 L .33826 .00044 L Mistroke .339 .00025 L .34029 5e-005 L .34094 1e-005 L .34163 0 L .34286 0 L .34562 0 L .35064 0 L .36001 0 L .38099 0 L .41902 0 L .45949 0 L .49845 0 L .53987 0 L .57976 0 L .61815 0 L .65898 0 L .6983 0 L .7361 0 L .77636 0 L .8151 0 L .85629 0 L .89597 0 L .93413 0 L .97474 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .16408 0 L .1683 0 L .17043 0 L .17164 0 L .17277 0 L .17401 0 L .17514 0 L .17768 0 L .18003 0 L .18117 0 L .18221 0 L .1834 4e-005 L .18467 .00022 L .18534 .00038 L .18606 .00061 L .18737 .00114 L .18861 .00181 L .18992 .00267 L .19227 .00464 L .1968 .00998 L .20178 .01816 L .20701 .02937 L .21261 .04435 L .22272 .07919 L .23289 .12437 L .24396 .18506 L .26408 .32548 L .26899 .35924 L .27428 .39034 L .27894 .41321 L .28385 .43266 L .28634 .44071 L .28906 .44813 L .29156 .45367 L .29384 .45763 L .29516 .45948 L .2966 .46108 L .29739 .46179 L .29812 .46234 L .29886 .46279 L .29955 .46312 L .30078 .46346 L .30143 .46352 L .30213 .4635 L .30286 .46337 L .30356 .46315 L Mistroke .30486 .46247 L .30611 .46152 L .30746 .46014 L .3099 .45674 L .31228 .4523 L .31447 .44724 L .31945 .43221 L .32471 .41109 L .33348 .36371 L .3431 .29489 L .35399 .21789 L .36429 .15575 L .37432 .10525 L .38358 .06736 L .39264 .03844 L .39727 .02678 L .40226 .01657 L .40486 .01222 L .40724 .00881 L .40966 .00591 L .41191 .00374 L .41438 .00192 L .41569 .0012 L .41709 .00062 L .4178 .0004 L .41856 .00021 L .41928 9e-005 L .41995 2e-005 L .42121 0 L .42184 0 L .42254 0 L .46293 0 L .50181 0 L .54314 0 L .58295 0 L .62125 0 L .662 0 L .70123 0 L .73895 0 L .77912 0 L .81778 0 L .85889 0 L .89848 0 L .93655 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .18221 0 L .20178 0 L .20742 0 L .21274 0 L .21506 0 L .21753 0 L .21881 0 L .21954 0 L s .2234 0 m 0 0 rlineto s .22525 0 m .22655 0 L s .22655 0 m .22692 0 L s .22796 0 m .22908 0 L .23032 0 L .23161 0 L .23282 0 L .24385 0 L .25355 0 L .25488 0 L .25564 0 L .25634 0 L .25762 0 L .25827 0 L .25898 0 L .26021 0 L .26086 0 L .26154 0 L .26279 4e-005 L .26394 .0002 L .26518 .00052 L .26587 .00077 L .26651 .00104 L .26894 .00243 L .27115 .00419 L .27349 .00658 L .27834 .01325 L .28368 .02327 L .29317 .04796 L .30205 .07906 L .32234 .17917 L .34087 .30594 L .35009 .37005 L .35514 .39816 L .3599 .42003 L .36554 .44023 L .36821 .44759 L .37066 .45313 L .37299 .45731 L .37545 .46056 L .37673 .46178 L .37793 .46263 L .37923 .46324 L .37997 .46343 L .38063 .46352 L .38182 .46345 L .38293 .46314 L .38415 .46252 L .38546 .46153 L .38676 .46022 L .38813 .45847 L .39057 .45444 L Mistroke .39496 .44427 L .39976 .42883 L .40497 .40694 L .41053 .37771 L .42053 .30982 L .44048 .17378 L .45173 .11432 L .46208 .07054 L .47135 .04026 L .47668 .02668 L .48154 .01672 L .48667 .00871 L .4895 .00541 L .49218 .003 L .49338 .00215 L .49465 .00141 L .49574 .00089 L .49694 .00046 L .49822 .00016 L .49894 5e-005 L .49961 1e-005 L .50083 0 L .50212 0 L .54019 0 L .58072 0 L .61973 0 L .6612 0 L .70115 0 L .73958 0 L .78047 0 L .81984 0 L .8577 0 L .898 0 L .93679 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .02846 0 L .03279 0 L .03754 0 L .0389 0 L .0402 0 L .04136 0 L .04262 0 L .04385 0 L .045 0 L .04626 0 L .04697 0 L s .04892 0 m .04966 0 L s .05159 0 m .05229 0 L .05293 0 L .05415 0 L .05528 0 L .05783 0 L .06244 0 L .08293 0 L .09325 0 L .09608 0 L .09911 0 L .10058 0 L .10197 0 L .10322 0 L .10393 0 L s .10576 0 m .107 0 L .10921 0 L .11421 0 L .11852 0 L s .12097 0 m .12216 0 L .12324 0 L s .12324 0 m .12389 0 L s .12518 0 m .12589 0 L .12715 0 L s .12904 0 m .12972 0 L .13099 0 L .13235 0 L .13313 0 L .13384 0 L .13515 0 L .13638 0 L .13749 0 L s .14 0 m .14065 0 L .14138 0 L .14265 0 L s .14511 0 m .14575 0 L .14646 0 L .1477 0 L .14887 0 L .15172 0 L .15432 0 L .15665 0 L .15782 0 L s .16039 0 m .16111 0 L .16176 0 L .16304 0 L s .16496 0 m .16531 0 L .16649 0 L .16773 0 L .16888 0 L .17315 0 L .18281 0 L .22168 0 L .26301 0 L .30283 0 L .32102 0 L .33138 0 L .33646 0 L .33869 0 L .33986 0 L .34112 0 L .34238 6e-005 L .34352 .00025 L .34466 .00057 L .34575 .00098 L .34696 .00159 L .34809 .00228 L .35062 .00429 L .35299 .00674 L .3556 .01007 L .36087 .01885 L .3661 .03024 L .37172 .04548 L .38187 .08088 L .39199 .12619 L .40302 .18708 L .42312 .32774 L .42799 .36098 L .43326 .39167 L .4379 .41422 L .4428 .43343 L .44554 .44209 L .44854 .44991 L .45126 .45548 L .45257 .45764 L .45381 .45937 L .45502 .46077 L .45633 .46196 L .45752 .46276 L .45862 .46324 L .45981 .4635 L .46113 .46346 L .46178 .46331 L .4625 .46306 L .46378 .46235 L Mistroke .46504 .46134 L .46618 .46015 L .46875 .45655 L .47112 .45207 L .47336 .44683 L .47839 .43148 L .48384 .40925 L .49482 .34672 L .50494 .27173 L .51477 .20473 L .52531 .14333 L .53443 .09905 L .54436 .0601 L .54964 .04334 L .55453 .03026 L .55959 .01918 L .56418 .01132 L .56635 .00831 L .5687 .00559 L .57072 .00366 L .57294 .00202 L .57417 .00132 L .57531 .00081 L .57652 .0004 L .57781 .00012 L .57901 1e-005 L .58014 0 L .58116 0 L .58227 0 L .62313 0 L .66246 0 L .70029 0 L .74056 0 L .77932 0 L .82053 0 L .86023 0 L .89841 0 L .93904 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .12507 0 L .14415 0 L .16254 0 L .16783 0 L .17284 0 L .17733 0 L .17856 0 L .17987 0 L .18098 0 L .18221 0 L .1835 0 L .18469 0 L .1874 0 L .19234 0 L .20162 0 L .2225 0 L .26163 0 L .27191 0 L .28304 0 L .28815 0 L .29354 0 L .29815 0 L s .30012 0 m .30077 0 L .30202 0 L s .30435 0 m .30557 0 L .30673 0 L .3078 0 L .30897 0 L .31026 0 L .31091 0 L .31161 0 L .31286 0 L .31563 0 L .31823 0 L .31937 0 L .32058 0 L .3219 0 L .32312 0 L s .32312 0 m .32388 0 L s .32651 0 m .32765 0 L .33189 0 L .34154 0 L .37978 0 L .38507 0 L .39079 0 L .39341 0 L .39618 0 L .39855 0 L .3992 0 L .39989 0 L s .40244 0 m .40363 0 L .40634 0 L .41126 0 L .41602 0 L .41715 0 L s .41937 0 m .42048 0 L .42157 4e-005 L .42274 .00022 L .42384 .0005 L .42483 .00087 L .42599 .00141 L .42725 .00215 L .42952 .00388 L .43205 .00639 L .43471 .00972 L .43949 .01744 L .44446 .02785 L .4491 .03976 L .45966 .07472 L .4701 .12002 L .47999 .17283 L .49854 .29774 L .50818 .36612 L .51346 .39605 L .51842 .41918 L .52298 .43617 L .52717 .44817 L .52943 .45322 L .53182 .45746 L .53421 .46059 L .53557 .46187 L .53684 .46273 L .53811 .46328 L .53875 .46344 L .53946 .46352 L .5407 .46342 L .54187 .46305 L .54258 .4627 L .54325 .46228 L .54451 .46124 L .54586 .45978 L .54734 .45777 L .54983 .45341 L .55249 .44743 L .55727 .43318 L .56229 .41339 L .56701 .39022 L .57585 .33519 L .59424 .20403 L .60468 .14333 L .61442 .09633 L .62405 .059 L .63437 .02911 L .64003 .01715 L Mistroke .64282 .01242 L .6454 .00872 L .64768 .00599 L .65021 .00356 L .65275 .00176 L .65414 .00103 L .65544 .00053 L .65662 .00022 L .65788 4e-005 L .65907 0 L .66014 0 L .66528 0 L .67564 0 L .69415 0 L .73415 0 L .77264 0 L .81358 0 L .853 0 L .89091 0 L .93127 0 L .97011 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .02499 0 L s .02787 0 m .02846 0 L .02954 0 L s .03163 0 m .03279 0 L .04262 0 L .06244 0 L .0825 0 L .08799 0 L .0939 0 L .09676 0 L .09948 0 L .10192 0 L .10258 0 L .1033 0 L .10458 0 L s .10458 0 m .1052 0 L s .10653 0 m .10718 0 L .10994 0 L .11487 0 L .12599 0 L .14616 0 L .1484 0 L .15082 0 L .15193 0 L .15311 0 L .1541 0 L s .1541 0 m .15483 0 L s .15634 0 m .15756 0 L s .15976 0 m .16047 0 L s .16357 0 m .1648 0 L .16605 0 L .16675 0 L .16739 0 L .16863 0 L s .17048 0 m .17118 0 L .17245 0 L .17323 0 L .17396 0 L .17533 0 L .18507 0 L .19528 0 L .19808 0 L .20103 0 L .20355 0 L .20424 0 L .20498 0 L .20568 0 L s .20756 0 m .20819 0 L .20889 0 L .21011 0 L .21127 0 L .21193 0 L .21262 0 L .21386 0 L .21455 0 L .21519 0 L .2159 0 L .21665 0 L .21792 0 L .21858 0 L .21929 0 L .22059 0 L .22178 0 L .22292 0 L .224 0 L .22517 0 L s .22765 0 m 0 0 rlineto s .22964 0 m .23029 0 L .23103 0 L .23171 0 L .23284 0 L .23408 0 L .23538 0 L .23659 0 L .23728 0 L .23803 0 L .23939 0 L .24193 0 L .24765 0 L .25001 0 L .25226 0 L .2535 0 L .2542 0 L .25485 0 L .256 0 L s .25793 0 m .25869 0 L .26008 0 L .26266 0 L .26776 0 L .27279 0 L .2781 0 L .28264 0 L .28388 0 L .28521 0 L .28647 0 L s .28892 0 m .28958 0 L .2903 0 L .29279 0 L .29419 0 L .29569 0 L s .29711 0 m .29842 0 L .29964 0 L s .30218 0 m .3033 0 L .30462 0 L .30537 0 L .30605 0 L .30731 0 L .30795 0 L .30865 0 L s .30865 0 m .30951 0 L s .31188 0 m .31257 0 L s .31502 0 m .31627 0 L .31691 0 L .3176 0 L s .32223 0 m .32325 0 L .32811 0 L .34901 0 L .38892 0 L .42733 0 L .44676 0 L .46818 0 L .47796 0 L .48336 0 L .48849 0 L .49324 0 L s .49527 0 m .49593 0 L s .49953 0 m .5007 2e-005 L .5017 .00014 L .50279 .00038 L .50397 .00077 L .50524 .00135 L .50752 .00277 L .51008 .00498 L .5128 .00804 L .51769 .01535 L .52294 .02583 L .52875 .04055 L .53912 .07509 L .54887 .11715 L .56904 .23385 L .58754 .36613 L .59228 .39321 L .59734 .41729 L .60171 .43404 L .60646 .44797 L .60936 .45431 L .61063 .45658 L .61203 .4587 L .61327 .46025 L .61459 .46158 L .61532 .46216 L .61599 .46261 L .6173 .46323 L .61855 .4635 L .61972 .46348 L .62099 .46315 L .62171 .46283 L .62235 .46245 L .62354 .46154 L .62483 .46025 L .62715 .45708 L .62953 .45274 L .63208 .44685 L .63668 .43302 L .64214 .41118 L .64712 .38619 L .6682 .23969 L .67825 .17569 L .68892 .11861 L .69881 .07571 L .70808 .04419 L .71687 .0221 L .72181 .01302 L .72633 .00679 L .72876 .00428 L Mistroke .73102 .00246 L .73229 .00165 L .73349 .00104 L .73416 .00076 L .73488 .00051 L .73614 .00019 L .73738 3e-005 L .73809 0 L .73875 0 L .73944 0 L .74008 0 L .74151 0 L .74645 0 L .78625 0 L .82454 0 L .86528 0 L .9045 0 L .9422 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .06244 0 L .10458 0 L .14415 0 L .18221 0 L .22272 0 L .26171 0 L .30316 0 L .34309 0 L .3815 0 L .42237 0 L .46172 0 L .49955 0 L .51896 0 L .52455 0 L .52588 0 L .52663 0 L .52731 0 L .52862 0 L .52986 0 L .53215 0 L .53345 0 L .53463 0 L .53584 0 L s .53716 0 m .53846 0 L .53918 0 L s .54212 0 m .54334 0 L s .5466 0 m .54731 0 L .54975 0 L .55205 0 L .55334 0 L s .55559 0 m .55678 0 L .55789 0 L s .56012 0 m .56141 0 L .56262 0 L s .56502 0 m .56576 0 L .56644 0 L .56901 0 L .57418 0 L .57567 0 L .57707 0 L .57833 0 L s .57903 0 m .57968 1e-005 L .58095 .00012 L .58215 .00038 L .58323 .00073 L .5844 .00124 L .58567 .00195 L .58702 .00288 L .58945 .00499 L .59377 .01019 L .59855 .01805 L .60369 .02902 L .60922 .04372 L .61922 .07794 L .62882 .11999 L .6393 .17625 L .66042 .32187 L .66527 .35576 L .67053 .38724 L .67516 .4105 L .68007 .4305 L .68279 .43958 L .68579 .44789 L .68833 .45355 L .68973 .45613 L .69106 .45822 L .69235 .45992 L .69375 .46139 L .69503 .4624 L .69621 .46305 L .69732 .46341 L .69855 .46352 L .69983 .46333 L .70103 .46285 L .7022 .46212 L .70346 .46103 L .70572 .45829 L .7084 .45374 L .71084 .44836 L .71616 .43261 L .72119 .41263 L .73006 .36526 L .73968 .29676 L .75915 .16683 L .77021 .10953 L .78057 .06676 L .78565 .04963 L .79048 .03571 L .79487 .02504 L .79954 .01575 L Mistroke .8022 .01143 L .8046 .00811 L .80705 .00532 L .8093 .00327 L .81193 .0015 L .81332 .00084 L .81402 .00058 L .81478 .00035 L .81605 .0001 L .81724 0 L .81797 0 L .81865 0 L .81994 0 L .85829 0 L .89909 0 L .93838 0 L .97615 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke .02381 0 m .03279 0 L .04262 0 L .04758 0 L .05288 0 L .05412 0 L .05481 0 L s .05664 0 m .05789 0 L .05893 0 L .06006 0 L s .06314 0 m 0 0 rlineto s .06456 0 m .06524 0 L .06784 0 L .07067 0 L .07144 0 L .07226 0 L .07296 0 L .07373 0 L .07444 0 L .07513 0 L .0764 0 L .07712 0 L s .08241 0 m 0 0 rlineto s .08445 0 m .08571 0 L .08689 0 L .08956 0 L .09217 0 L .09292 0 L .09363 0 L s .09611 0 m .09738 0 L .09803 0 L s .09934 0 m .09996 0 L .1012 0 L .10237 0 L .10458 0 L .14282 0 L .18352 0 L .2227 0 L .26434 0 L .30446 0 L .34306 0 L .38412 0 L .42366 0 L .46168 0 L .50216 0 L .54112 0 L .58253 0 L .59259 0 L .59504 0 L .59632 0 L .59702 0 L .59767 0 L .59839 0 L .59918 0 L .59985 0 L s .60129 0 m .60198 0 L s .60438 0 m .6056 0 L .60687 0 L .60806 0 L .60917 0 L .61018 0 L .61136 0 L s .61367 0 m .61494 0 L .61724 0 L .62243 0 L .64066 0 L .6431 0 L .64432 0 L .64501 0 L .64566 0 L .64637 0 L .64702 0 L .64847 0 L .65105 0 L .65346 0 L .65472 0 L .65607 0 L .65724 0 L .65853 0 L .65971 5e-005 L .66081 .00021 L .66206 .00054 L .66275 .00079 L .66339 .00106 L .66578 .00244 L .66712 .00345 L .66857 .00475 L .6712 .00763 L .67634 .01522 L .68107 .02449 L .69008 .04823 L .6996 .08195 L .71925 .17971 L .73759 .30512 L .74805 .37684 L .7532 .40426 L .75796 .42499 L .76227 .43994 L .76685 .45181 L .76922 .45635 L .77145 .4596 L .77272 .46102 L .77389 .46204 L .77517 .46286 L .77582 .46315 L .77652 .46337 L .77784 .46353 L .77906 .46336 L .7797 .46316 L .7804 .46285 L .78113 .46242 L Mistroke .78181 .46193 L .78422 .45945 L .78557 .45756 L .78681 .45553 L .7916 .44478 L .79615 .43042 L .80135 .409 L .80618 .3844 L .8171 .31179 L .83595 .1818 L .84586 .12744 L .8563 .08055 L .86164 .06072 L .86749 .04221 L .87287 .02814 L .87777 .01781 L .88282 .00962 L .8856 .00619 L .88822 .00363 L .8894 .00271 L .89065 .00187 L .89173 .00127 L .89289 .00076 L .89413 .00036 L .8953 .00011 L .89601 3e-005 L .89669 0 L .89796 0 L .8992 0 L .90054 0 L .90298 0 L .90754 0 L .91775 0 L .93614 0 L .97619 0 L Mfstroke % End of Graphics MathPictureEnd \ \>"], "Graphics", ImageSize->{288, 177.938}, ImageMargins->{{43, 0}, {0, 0}}, ImageRegion->{{0, 1}, {0, 1}}, ImageCache->GraphicsData["Bitmap", "\<\ CF5dJ6E]HGAYHf4PAg9QL6QYHgGoo001Ool00`00Oomo o`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0=Ool00`00Oomoo`07Ool00`00Oomoo`0Woo001goo001Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`0F Ool00`00Oomoo`12Ool0035oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo00Qoo`05001oogooOol00006Ool0 0`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool0 0`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool0 0`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool0 0`00Oomoo`0GOol00`00Oomoo`12Ool0039oo`@000aoo`<000Moo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001oogoo 00Eoo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo00Eoo`03001oogoo00moo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001oogoo 00ioo`03001oogoo00Eoo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo 00Ioo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo00Eoo`03001oogoo00moo`03001oogoo01Ioo`03001oogoo 04=oo`00C7oo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol01Goo00<007ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol01Woo00<0 07ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol03Goo00<0 07ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol01Woo00<0 07ooOol03Woo00<007ooOol05Woo00<007ooOol0@goo001Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0> Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0=Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06 Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`0FOol00`00Oomoo`13 Ool004aoo`03001oogoo00Eoo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001oogoo00ioo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001o ogoo00ioo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00eoo`03001o ogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo00Ioo`03001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03001o ogoo00eoo`03001oogoo01Moo`03001oogoo04=oo`00C7oo00<007ooOol01Goo00<007ooOol01goo 00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol01Woo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol027oo00<007ooOol037oo 00<007ooOol01goo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol01goo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol01goo 00<007ooOol037oo00<007ooOol01goo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol05goo00<007ooOol0@goo 001Ool00`00 Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00 Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00 Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0FOol00`00Oomoo`17Ool004ao o`05001oogooOol0000AOol00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomo o`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomo o`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomo o`0FOol00`00Oomoo`17Ool004aoo`05001oogooOol0000AOol00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0> Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05 Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0> Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0GOol00`00Oomoo`17Ool004aoo`05001oogooOol0000AOol0 0`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool0 0`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool0 0`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0GOol00`00Oomoo`17Ool0 04aoo`04001oogoo000BOol00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0>Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomo o`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomo o`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomo o`0GOol00`00Oomoo`17Ool004aoo`04001oogoo000BOol00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool0 0`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool0 0`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool0 0`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0GOol00`00Oomoo`17Ool004aoo`04001oogoo000BOol00`00Oomo o`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomo o`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomo o`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0FOol00`00Oomoo`18Ool0039oo`@0 00Eoo`8000Moo`<000Eoo`04001oogoo000BOol00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomo o`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`03Ool00`00Oomo o`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomo o`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0FOol00`00Oomoo`18Ool0035oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo009oo`80 00Qoo`03001oogoo00Aoo`04001oogoo000BOol00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomo o`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`03Ool00`00Oomoo`0AOol00`00Oomoo`03Ool00`00Oomo o`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomo o`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0FOol00`00Oomoo`18Ool0035oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo00aoo`03 001oogoo00Aoo`04001oogoo000COol00`00Oomoo`03Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool0 0`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`03Ool00`00Oomoo`0BOol00`00Oomoo`02Ool00`00Oomoo`0AOol0 0`00Oomoo`03Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`03Ool0 0`00Oomoo`0GOol00`00Oomoo`18Ool0035oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo00Qoo`H000Eoo`@0 01=oo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo011oo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo019oo`03001oogoo 009oo`03001oogoo019oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo015oo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo 011oo`03001oogoo00Aoo`03001oogoo011oo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo01Moo`03001oogoo 04Qoo`00Ool0035oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo 009oo`8000Eoo`05001oogooOol00005Ool01000Oomoo`004goo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol0 4Woo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol04Woo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol04Goo00<007ooOol0 0goo00<007ooOol04Goo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol04Woo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol0 4Woo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol04Goo00<007ooOol0CWoo000aOol00`00Oomoo`02Ool00`00 Oomoo`09Ool01@00Oomoogoo00001Goo00@007ooOol001=oo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo015o o`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo015oo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo015oo`03001oogoo00=o o`03001oogoo015oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo019oo`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo019o o`03001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo015oo`03001oogoo04ioo`00Ool00`00Oomoo`06Ool00`00Oomoo`0=Ool00`00Oomoo`1@Ool004aoo`03 001oogoo009oo`03001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo00Qoo`03 001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00eoo`03 001oogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo00Qoo`03001oogoo00aoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03 001oogoo00eoo`03001oogoo051oo`00C7oo00<007ooOol00Woo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol0 1goo00<007ooOol037oo00<007ooOol027oo00<007ooOol037oo00<007ooOol027oo00<007ooOol0 37oo00<007ooOol01goo00<007ooOol037oo00<007ooOol027oo00<007ooOol037oo00<007ooOol0 27oo00<007ooOol037oo00<007ooOol01goo00<007ooOol03Goo00<007ooOol0D7oo001 Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`04 Ool00`00Oomoo`0?Ool00`00Oomoo`05Ool00`00Oomoo`0@Ool00`00Oomoo`04Ool00`00Oomoo`1D Ool004aoo`03001oogoo00Moo`03001oogoo00=oo`03001oogoo011oo`03001oogoo00Aoo`03001o ogoo01